The Senate voted 54 to 45 in favour of Warsh, with Republicans holding a slim majority and ensuring President Donald Trump’s nominee to replace Jerome Powell was confirmed.

Once known as a monetary “hawk” against inflation, Warsh has shifted in line with Trump’s push for lower interest rates that have posed an unprecedented challenge to the Fed’s independence.

The incoming Fed chair, confirmed for a four-year term, has promised to bring “regime change” to the bank, which he has criticised as too political and too open in communicating its decision-making.

But with inflation still above the Fed’s long-term 2% target – and rising over Trump’s Iran war – Warsh is unlikely to convince fellow members of the bank’s rate-setting committee to cut immediately.

That could leave him open to attacks from Trump, who has relentlessly lashed out at Powell over rate decisions.

“Warsh’s biggest challenge will likely be dealing with President Trump”, said David Wessel, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.

“The president does not respect the independence of the Fed and he wants interest rates to be lower.”

Fed independence attacks

In January, Powell said a justice department criminal probe against him over cost overruns related to a building renovation project was intended to create pressure on monetary policy decision-making.

That followed Trump’s separate attempt to oust Fed Governor Lisa Cook from the board.

The criminal probe against Powell has since been dropped, as the Trump administration aimed to smooth the path for Warsh’s confirmation. The Supreme Court is due to rule on the legality of removing Cook.

Both moves were “unprecedented”, said Kathryn Judge, a Columbia law professor who focuses on banking.

While Warsh is Trump’s pick – as Powell was nine years ago – Judge said there was no reason to believe the pressure will ease.

“Fed officials have been put on notice that this president is willing to use all available tools to bully them into acceding to his demands,” she said.

Economic challenges

Warsh is taking over as the world’s largest economy continues to reel from repeated economic shocks.

The pandemic delivered a hammer blow to the Fed’s inflation target, with CPI peaking at 9.1% in mid-2022. It has since come down, but US households have been battered by years of higher-than-expected price increases.

In April, year-on-year inflation came in at a three-year high of 3.8%, fuelled in part by surging oil prices in the wake of the US-Israel war on Iran.

The Fed’s other mandate is ensuring maximum employment. The unemployment rate has remained relatively firm at around 4.3%, but the steady number hides churn beneath the surface.

Job growth has been weak, see-sawing between expansion and contraction for months, with new jobs mainly driven by the health care sector.

The tumult has been partly hidden because there has been a significant drop in labour supply, driven by Trump’s deportation drive and an ageing population.

The situation has put Fed policymakers in the difficult position of having to choose between dueling mandates: raise interest rates to combat inflation or cut them to spur growth?

A house divided

It is here that Warsh faces his third major challenge: divisions on the Fed’s rate-setting committee on the path forward.

At the last meeting, there was a rare outpouring of dissent, with three members declaring that the Fed should indicate a rate hike could be in the cards to combat inflation.

“One of Warsh’s challenges is that the Fed does seem divided – at times along partisan lines, which is a change from the past,” said Wessel.

Added to that another wrinkle: Powell will be the first outgoing chair in more than 70 years not to leave the board at the expiration of his term as its head.

US treasury secretary Bessent, who has criticised Powell’s decision to stay on, welcomed Warsh’s confirmation, saying he would “usher in a new day” at the Fed.

Most Democrats in the Senate opposed the confirmation, citing Trump’s threats to the central bank’s independence.

“Trump wants to control interest rates, and he nominated Kevin Warsh to be his sock puppet,” said Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren.

At a Senate hearing, Warsh said he would “absolutely not” be the president’s puppet.