The electoral reform group said it observed that many parties and candidates were found to have engaged in activities which might be deemed as electoral offences and unethical.

This included offering to change motorcycle engine oil for free, which may be a form of bribery under Section 10 of the Act.

It also said an initiative by Penang DAP to subsidise the travel expenses for voters to return home to cast their ballots was a violation of Sections 10 and 20 of the Act.

The same goes for a “lucky draw” that Pakatan Harapan’s Klang candidate R Ganabatirau had advertised for a Deepavali event on Saturday, Bersih said.

A carnival planned for Muar also listed several activities including a lucky draw, free haircuts, free oil change services, and cash prizes for several competitions.

These programmes may be a violation of Section 10, it said.

“Candidates, political parties, machineries must carry out their campaign ethically and abide by the laws, especially the Election Offences Act,” it said in a statement.

Bersih also reminded ministers in the government to adopt best practices for clean and fair elections as Malaysia still did not have clear regulations against the misuse of government assets for campaigning.

Therefore, government officials must follow best practices set by the Inter-Parliamentary Union and Article 11 of the Bangkok Declaration, it said.